The field of 3D bioprinting is reshaping modern biomedical engineering by enabling the fabrication of functional human tissues through precise layer-by-layer deposition of living cells. This technology integrates biology, materials science, and computational modeling to recreate structures similar to native human organs, with cellular behavior influenced by genes such as SOX9 and VEGFA , which support tissue formation and vascular development. At the molecular level, genes such as COL1A1 , responsible for type I collagen production, ELN , which regulates elastin formation and tissue elasticity, and ACTA2 , essential for smooth muscle contractility and cytoskeletal structure, play fundamental roles in extracellular matrix organization and mechanical stability of engineered tissues, working alongside regulators like LOX that control collagen cross-linking and tissue structural reinforcement. Together, these molecular mechanisms ensure that bioprinted constructs maintain bot...