Forensic genetics has emerged as one of the most transformative and powerful tools in modern criminal investigation, fundamentally redefining how law enforcement approaches complex cases. Traditionally, investigators relied on eyewitness testimony , circumstantial evidence , and physical traces such as fingerprints , footprints , or fibers . While valuable, these traditional methods were often constrained by human error, memory lapses, and deliberate attempts by offenders to conceal their actions. Eyewitnesses may misremember or misinterpret crucial details, and criminals frequently employ techniques to remove or obscure physical evidence, leaving investigators with incomplete or misleading information. The advent of DNA analysis has revolutionized forensic science. DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic Acid ), the unique genetic blueprint of every individual, allows forensic experts to distinguish persons with unparalleled precision. Even microscopic traces of DNA left at a crime...